Friday, October 28, 2011 ~ Have your say...

Looking Through the Eyes of the Skull of Doom

Magical Artifacts Or Man-Made Marvels?

Behold, the Crystal Skull of Doom (image, left).  This fine piece of workmanship is shrouded in mystery – from its origin to its special powers.   Some have said that it was handed down by extraterrestrials to the ancient Mayans. Others theorize that the crystal skull originated from lost a civilization with advanced technologies for their time - like the inhabitants of Atlantis.

Modern New Agers believe that the crystal skulls have supernatural abilities like healing or “visions of the past, present and future”. They also claim that at certain points on the Earth, the crystal skulls vibrate and project images similar to a hologram.  Some say that, when placed close together, they will produce an audible hum.

"I personally feel that the Crystal Skulls are not only here to share ancient knowledge and wisdom, but to assist in awakening our race to higher spiritual laws and understanding of itself....If the Crystal Skulls were not brought by extraterrestrials then certainly we must conclude their [sic] have been civilizations much more technologically or spiritually advanced than our own today." --Joshua "Illinois" Shapiro

"[The] crystal stimulates an unknown part of the brain, opening a psychic door to the absolute." -- Frank Dorland

Behold - The Skull of Doom!

Skulls have often been associated to the symbol of death in many different cultures.  Crystal skulls entered the public eye around 1943 when the Mitchell-Hedges Skull, more affectionately known as the Skull of Doom, was allegedly found by archeological excavator F.A. Mitchell-Hedges' daughter, Anna Mitchell-Hedges, during her father's exhibition to discover Atlantis*.
According to F.A Mitchell, Anna was rummaging around while her father was working, and she stumbled upon an altar in a temple where she found a crystal skull.  There’s no hard evidence for this claim, and there’s no evidence of Anna tagging along with her father to the Lubaatun exhibition.  In fact, there is contradictory evidence in a 1936 journal which states that the Crystal Skull belonged to an art trader by the name of Sydney Burney.  Interesting.  Without going into the fine details, the skull traded hands a number of times before resting at the Smithsonian Institution today.

All Things Evil

Anna believed that the Skull of Doom embodied all things evil and that it was a piece of an important ritual. According to Anna, when an old priest was about to die, he would pass all of his knowledge to the younger priest through the crystal skull before passing.

Besides the Skull of Doom from Mitchell-Hedges, there are other discoveries of crystal skulls, like the British Crystal Skull, the Paris Crystal Skull, the Mayan crystal Skull, the Amethyst Crystal Skull, Max, ET Skull, Rose Quartz Skull, Brazilian Crystal Skull, and "Compassion" - the Atlantean Crystal Skull. According to avid new agers, there are 13 'master' crystal skulls all together, if brought together would unveil secrets and knowledge beyond the world.  Just like a scene out of an Indiana Jones movie.

Oops, a Contradiction

Now, scientists, researchers, and skeptics claim that the crystal skulls are frauds and made recently. Studies from a Hewlett Packard lab (there are no evidence or report that this took place!) states that some features of the crystal skull cannot be emulated even with modern technologies, like how it is carved against its axis, which would usually shatter the crystal.  Trouble is, there actually no evidence for the study at HP.

What about a real study?  Glad you asked.

Using real science like a microscopic analysis and newly discovered archival documents, Smithsonian anthropologist Jane Walsh has revealed the Mitchell-Hedges skull to be a modern creation about which a mythology was deliberately spun.

Just the Facts

In her article, “The Skull of Doom”, published on Archeology.org, author Jane MacLaren Walsh states:

 “Analysis of the Mitchell-Hedges crystal skull using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) leaves little doubt that this object was carved and polished using modern, high-speed, diamond-coated, rotary, cutting and polishing tools of minute dimensions. This technology is certainly not pre-Columbian. I believe it is decidedly 20th century. The similarities between the Mitchell-Hedges skull and the British Museum skull suggest that the former is an improved copy of the latter. The recently published SEM study of the British Museum skull additionally suggests it was probably carved within a decade of the date it was first offered for sale in 1881 (Sax, Walsh, et al. 2008: p. 2759). It is not unreasonable to conclude that the Mitchell-Hedges skull, which first appeared in 1933, was also created within short time of its debut.”

The Less-Than-Exciting Conclusion

Frederick Mitchell-Hedges warned that the skull was “the embodiment of all evil” and that “several people who have cynically laughed at it have died, others have been stricken and become seriously ill” (1954: p. 240).  Worry not - the Mitchell-Hedges crystal skull is not ancient, and not even very old. It was probably made in Europe in the 20th century, and was not polished for five generations. It is not powerful, not scary and not at all what it purports to be.  It’s just a fine piece of workmanship, at best.


*  They never found Atlantis…  yet people today still attribute the skull’s fictional powers to the fictional island and fictional people of Atlantis.

Tuesday, October 18, 2011 ~ Have your say...

The Cyclops Shark: Fact or Fiction?

In a world filled with Photoshopped images, it's easy to raise your skeptical flags when an image of a one-eyed albino shark appears - like the Cyclops Shark.  

It is claimed to have been removed from the belly of a pregnant dusky shark caught by a fisherman in the Gulf of California in the summer of 2011.  Apparently, shark researchers have examined the specimen and concluded the eye is made of functional eye tissue.  However, they agreed that the shark would likely not have survived had it been born.

"Cyclopia" is a real developmental anomaly, so this defect is entirely impossible.  It is extremely rare, but has occurred in several animals, including humans (for example, in 1982 a baby girl was born with no nose and only one eye in the center of her face... she died 30 minutes after birth).  

The researchers plan to release their data later in the year - so until then, I will remain at least partially skeptical.
Image credits:  Marcela Bejarano

Thursday, October 13, 2011 ~ Have your say...

Does eating turkey really make you sleepy?

Thanksgiving has come and gone here in Canada, and is coming up in the USA.  Around the office and among friends, someone will undoubtedly comment that they were sleepy after their turkey dinner, and then someone else will pipe up and say, “That’s because turkey contains tryptophan, which makes you sleepy.”

While it is true that turkey does contain tryptophan and tryptophan does make humans sleepy, it’s not necessarily true that “eating turkey makes you sleepy”.  Here’s why.

L-tryptophan is an essential amino acid with a scientifically recognized sleep inducing effect. It is used in the body to produce niacin, a B Vitamin. Tryptophan can be metabolized into serotonin and melatonin, which are neurotransmitters that cause a calming effect and help to regulate sleep. But here’s the kicker:   L-tryptophan needs to be taken on an empty stomach and without any other amino acids or protein in order to make you drowsy.  In other words, the act of eating turkey (a source of protein) negates the sleep-inducing effects of tryptophan.

It's also worth noting that several other foods contain as much or more tryptophan than turkey including chicken, pork, and cheese. As with turkey, other amino acids are present in these foods besides tryptophan, so they negate the sleepiness effect.  Tryptophan also occurs naturally in red meat, other dairy products, nuts, seeds, bananas, soy products, tuna, and shellfish.  So turkey is nothing special when it comes to its concentration of tryptophan – you can get a similar dose by eating shrimp, tuna, snapper, and even chicken breast.  Oddly enough, people don’t react the same way after eating those items, do they?

So why do we feel sleepy after eating our turkey dinner, if it’s not the tryptophan?  

Consider this:  you’re on vacation, and you’re already feeling pretty relaxed.  You just ate a massive meal and probably ate too much.  You probably had high levels of carbohydrates and fats with your meal, and you probably had a drink or two (or three… or four).  

Digestion of large meals (overeating) causes blood to be directed away from your organs and nervous system to your digestive system, which induces sleepiness.  A meal that contains a lot of fat will cause the same effect.  The less blood you have circulating around the rest of your body, the more sleepy you will become.  Alcohol is a depressant and will, for a large part of the population, make you drowsy. All these things combine to make you sleepy and lethargic after your Thanksgiving feast!

Monday, October 10, 2011 ~ Have your say...

Seeing the Earth from space during a solar eclipse

What would the Earth look like from space during a solar eclipse?  I wondered the same, and came across two incredible images.  Note that the moon's shadow darkens only a part of Earth during a solar eclipse.  People underneath the center of the dark spot (the umbra) will see the total eclipse; while others on the edge (the penumbra) will see a partial eclipse. This shot was taken from the Mir space station in August 1999 and is courtesy the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales.
The image below is from the Japanese geostationary satellite (MTSAT) and shows the view of Earth at 9:30 a.m. local time in Taiwan, near the time in eastern China when the disk of the Moon completely overlapped the disk of the Sun. (source Wikimedia Commons).

Mr. Eclipse provides a great infographic which explains the geometry behind a solar eclipse, including the umbra and penumbra described above.

Friday, October 7, 2011 ~ Have your say...

Nikon Small World: Unbelievable Macro Shots

Nikon Small World is regarded as the leading forum for showcasing the beauty and complexity of life as seen through the light microscope. For over 30 years, Nikon has rewarded the world's best photomicrographers who make critically important scientific contributions to life sciences, bio-research and materials science.


Here are a few of my favorite shots from the competition:


Credit: Dr. Igor Siwanowicz Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology Martinsried, Germany
First place in the 2011 Nikon Small World photograph competition went to this photograph of a green lacewing larva.



Credit: Dr. Donna Stolz University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
A blade of grass magnified 200 times took 2nd place in the 2011 competition.
 

Credit: Frank Fox Fachhochschule Trier Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
The third place winner of the 2011 Nikon Small World contest was this photo of living Melosira monliformis,
a type of algae.

 
Credit: Alfred Pasieka Germany
An ultra-close shot of a microchip took 5th-place.
 

Credit: Dr. Jan Michels Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Kiel, Germany
The marine copepod Temora longicornis took the 9th-place-winning photograph.






Credit: Joan Röhl Institute for Biochemistry and Biology Potsdam, Germany
This is a freshwater water flea, Daphnia magna, and took 10
th place in the competition.


Credit: Dr. Jan Michels Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Kiel, Germany
11th place went to this shot of the head of a fluorescing ant.



Credit: Yanping Wang Beijing Planetarium Beijing, China
Wondering what these are?  Grains of sand – and they took 14th place.

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